In the 1960s, interest in short-term memory (STM) increased. Simon constructed computer programs that simulated the thought processes people go through when solving different kinds of problems.
Both provided arguments for an information-processing view of the human mind. Pribram in 1960 and Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in 1967. Two important books influenced the revolution: Plans and Structures of Behavior by George Miller, Eugene Galanter, and Karl H.
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This included new theories on how to view memory, often likening it to a computer processing model. In the 1950s there was a change in the overall study of memory that has come to be known as the cognitive revolution. Their current sets of knowledge intruded on their accurately recalling the folk tale. Ultimately, Bartlett argued that the mistakes that the participants made could be attributed to schematic intrusions. Since the folk tale included supernatural elements, people would rationalize them to make them fit better with their own culture. Bartlett found that people strive for meaning, by attempting to understand the overall meaning of the story. Retention intervals would vary from directly after reading the story to days later. He would provide participants in his study with an excerpt from a story and then asked them to recall it as accurately as they could. He is well known for his use of North American Native folk tales, including The War of the Ghosts. One of his well-known works was Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, which he published in 1932. He was a British experimental psychologist who focused on the mistakes people made when recalling new information. Ebbinghaus' research influenced much of the research conducted on memory and recall throughout the twentieth century.įrederic Bartlett was a prominent researcher in the field of memory during the mid-twentieth century. Furthermore, Ebbinghaus discovered that multiple learning, over-learning, and spacing study times increased retention of information. He discovered that memory loss occurred rapidly over the first few hours or days, but showed a more steady, gradual decline over subsequent days, weeks, and months. He would memorize a list of nonsense syllables and then test his recall of that list over varying time periods. In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables, combinations of letters that do not follow grammatical rules and have no meaning, to test his own memory. For this reason, the main studies on memory in general will also provide a history to the study of recall. Recall is a major part of the study of memory and often comes into play in all research. Philosophical questions regarding how people acquire knowledge about their world spurred the study of memory and learning. Encoding specificity helps to take into account context cues because of its focus on the retrieval environment, and it also accounts for the fact recognition may not always be superior to recall. For example, if one is to learn about a topic and study it in a specific location, but take their exam in a different setting, they would not have had as much of a successful memory recall as if they were in the location that they learned and studied the topic in. In other words, memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval. The encoding specificity principle states that memory utilizes information from the memory trace, or the situation in which it was learned, and from the environment in which it is retrieved.
The theory of encoding specificity finds similarities between the process of recognition and that of recall.
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Īnother two stage theory holds that free recall of a list of items begins with the content in working memory and then moves to an associative search Encoding specificity However, recall has been found to be superior to recognition in some cases, such as a failure to recognize words that can later be recalled. Recognition only involves one process in which error or failure may occur, while recall involves two. In this theory, recognition only involves the latter of these two stages, or processes, and this is thought to account for the superiority of the recognition process over recall. The two-stage theory states that the process of recall begins with a search and retrieval process, and then a decision or recognition process where the correct information is chosen from what has been retrieved.
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